The importance of paediatric (children's) eye tests

A children's eye exam is an expert assessment of your child's eye health and vision performed by an optometrist or ophthalmologist.

A brief examination of your child’s eyes by a paediatrician or your family GP is not a substitute for an eye exam performed by an optometrist or ophthalmologist. Only optometrists and/or ophthalmologists have the advanced training and clinical tools to perform a thorough evaluation of your child's eyes and vision.

Why children's eye tests are important

Eye exams for children are very important to insure your child's eyes are healthy and have no vision problems that could interfere with school performance and potentially affect your child's safety.

Early eye tests also are important because children need the following visual skills that are essential for optimal learning:

• Excellent visual acuity at all distances

• Accurate and comfortable eye teaming (binocular vision) skills

• Accurate eye movement skills

• Accurate and comfortable focusing skills

When to have your child's eyes examined

Children should have their first comprehensive eye exam at 6 months of age.

The then should have their eyes examined at age 3 and again just before they start school — at about age 5 to 6.

School-aged children should have an eye test at least every 2 years, even if no vision correction is required. Children who need spectacles or contact lenses should be examined as recommended by their optometrist.

Scheduling your child's eye exam

When scheduling an eye exam for your child, choose a time when he or she is usually alert and happy.

Specifics of how eye tests are conducted depend on your child's age, but generally an examination will include a case history, vision testing, determination of whether glasses are needed, testing of eye alignment, an eye health evaluation and, if needed, prescription of eye-wear.

After you have made the appointment, you may be sent a case history form by mail. Some eye care practices even have forms on their website that you can download and print at home, before your visit. Or you may not receive a form until you check in at the optometrist practice.

The case history form will ask about your child's birth history, including birth weight and whether or not the child was full-term.

Your optometrist also may ask whether complications occurred during the pregnancy or delivery. Other questions will concern your child's medical history, including current medications and past or present allergies.

Be sure to tell your optometrist if your child has or displays any of the following:

• A history of pre-maturity

• Delayed motor development

• Frequent eye rubbing

• Excessive blinking

• Failure to maintain eye contact

• Poor tracking skills (they have difficulty following a moving toy or object)

Also, be sure to mention if your child has failed a vision screening at school or at a visit to his or her paediatrician or family GP.

Your optometrist will also want to know about previous eye problems and treatments your child has had, such as surgeries, glasses or contact lens wear.

And be sure to inform your optometrist about your family history of refractive errors, strabismus, amblyopia or eye diseases.

Eye testing for infants

Babies should be able to see as well as adults in terms of focusing ability, colour vision and depth perception by 6 months of age.

To assess whether your baby's eyes are developing normally, the optometrist typically will use the following tests:

• Tests of pupil responses evaluate whether the eye's pupil opens and closes properly in the presence or absence of light.

• "Fixate and follow" testing determines whether your baby's eyes are able to fixate on and follow an object such as a light as it moves. (Infants should be able to fixate on an object soon after birth and follow an object by the time they are 3 months old.)

• Preferential looking involves using cards that are blank on one side with stripes on the other side to attract the gaze of an infant to the stripes. In this way, vision capabilities can be assessed without the use of a typical eye chart.

Eye testing for preschool children

Some parents are surprised to learn that preschool-age children do not need to know their letters in order to undergo certain eye tests, even when they are too young or too shy to verbalise.

Trained vision screeners may be able to detect certain eye problems in preschoolers. (Image: VIP Study Center, The Ohio State University College of Optometry)

Some common eye tests used specifically for young children include:

• LEA symbols for young children are similar to regular eye tests using charts with letters, except that special symbols in these tests include an apple, house, square and circle.

• Retinoscopy is a test that involves shining a light into the to observe the reflection from the back of the eye (retina). This test helps determine of you child has any clouding of the lens of the eye (congenital cataract) or significant refractive error.

• Random dot stereograms (stereopsis test)

  this test uses special patterns of dots and 3-D glasses to measure how well your child's eyes work together as a team to create true depth perception (3D vision).

In addition to short-sightedness, long-sightedness and astigmatism, common vision problems of schoolchildren include:

Your child's eyes should be examined early for vision problems such as "lazy eye" (amblyopia), in which one eye usually is weaker than the other. Eye patching often is used to help strengthen the weaker eye. (Image: Eye-Lids Custom-Made Patches)

Lazy eye (amblyopia). Your optometrist will want to rule out amblyopia, or "lazy eye," which is decreased vision in one or both eyes without any detectable anatomic damage. Unfortunately, amblyopia is not always correctable with spectacles or contact lenses and may require eye patching or other treatments to try and strengthen the vision in the weaker eye.

Misalignment of eyes (strabismus). Crossed or misaligned eyes (strabismus) can have different causes, such as problems with muscle control in the affected eye or eyes. Strabismus can often lead to amblyopia and should be treated early in childhood so vision and eye teaming skills can develop normally.

Convergence insufficiency. This is the inability to maintain eye alignment when viewing near objects. Convergence insufficiency can cause eye discomfort and even double vision when reading.

Focusing problems, poor depth perception and colour vision defects. Your optometrist also may test your child's focusing ability (accommodation), phorias (resting position of the eyes), colour vision and more.

Eye health problems. Your optometrist will closely examine your child's eyelids to look for abnormal or infected eyelash follicles, bumps, eye discharge and swelling (oedema). The optometrist also will examine the cornea, iris, and lens to look for cloudiness (opacities) or other irregularities.

Vision screening and performance in school

Remember that appropriate vision testing at an early age is vital to ensure your child has the visual skills he or she needs to perform well in school.

A child who is unable to see print or view a whiteboard can become easily frustrated, leading to poor academic performance. Teachers sometimes think a child with poor vision is disruptive. To keep up with the class they will ask other children what is written on the board or will move to the front of the classroom to see the board clearly.

Some vision problems, such as amblyopia (lazy eye), are best treated if they are detected and corrected as early as possible while the child's vision system is still developing.

Page published on Tuesday, 17 March 2020